The stability of the church in 1485-1509 Essay Example

The stability of the church in 1485-1509 Essay Many factors contributed to the stability of the church and Henry VII was very important in maintaining that stability. Henry VII was not directly involved in the progress of Protestant reform in England. In fact, he died before the Reformation became a factor in the development of the English church. However, Henry VII was involved in the historical circumstances that set the stage for the choices his son felt he had to make when he became kingchoices that pushed him inexorably toward a complete break between the English church and the Roman Catholic church.Henry was pious and had desire for security. He continued to maintain excellent relations with the Pope, and he remained a devout Christian, this is demonstrated by his religious commitment which is evidenced in his pilgrimages to Our Lady of Walshingham, and decreeing 10000 for the salvation of his immortal souls. He also appointed more bishops who were lawyers and Bishops were theologians. He never challenged the authority of t he Pope or the Roman Church and this helped the maintenance of the stability of the English church, which followed the Roman church, with the Pope as its head. Henry did not have any influence over the church courts and was also determined that the authority of the pope in the church courts should not prejudice his rights and interests.For many centuries the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful ecumenical institution in Europe. All of Western Europe was united by the Christian faith, and that faith was defined by the teachings of the Roman Catholic church. But by fairly early in the fifteenth century, secular kings and princes had begun to successfully assert control over the personnel and property of the church within their own borders. In 1420, one pope, Julius II even commented, Not the pope but the king of England governs the church in his dominions, as Henry VII had more influence over the church than the Pope who was the official head of the church. He also maintained t he English church by setting an example for his people to follow and showing them that the English church followed the Roman Church.Humanism was a huge factor, which contributed to the maintenance of the stability of the church. The impact of humanism upon English thought and religion during this period must have been seen in perspective. Humanism was only an option for the select few and its historical importance properly derives from its educational role in challenging scholasticism and the papacy. Pre-reformation the church was dominated by the clergy, services were in Latin and therefore 1/5 graduates were educated. For majority the traditional forms of religious devotion were norm such as liturgy, mysticism pilgrimages the veneration of images? local saints? miracles and prophetic revelations but other humanists according to J.Lotherington wanted a simpler religion based on a more accurate version of the Bible. Humanism encouraged the questioning of the Roman Catholic Church an d the English church after.This questioning would lead to protests and complaints against the church, which would destabilise it. Humanism encouraged educational changes and the arrival of Desiderius Erasmus and other humanists meant that Platonism and the study of Greek literature were emphasised as the better means of understanding and writing. There was also study of the Bible and other religious texts and also the ideas of the great Greek thinkers Aristotle and Plato which meant that the Church could no longer attempt to have a monopoly on learning and thought. John Colet also opened a number of grammar schools in England for example St Pauls School in London which was completely run by lay control and the curriculum was to comprise Latin and Greek texts.Education also encouraged the destabilisation of the English church as it meant that more people could think for themselves and could question the Roman and English church more critically as like any other powerful institution, the Roman church was riddled with corruption and greed, and over time the sacred rituals of the church had become more complex and more subject to abuse, and yet less able to meet the needs of the churchs adherents. J. Guy said The impact of humanism upon English thought and religion must be seen in perspective as humanism only influenced the English church to a small extent through the upper ranks in society who had access by influence to humanist writings, schools or intellectuals.Erasmus challenged and criticised the church, even though he was a devout Christian, but was concerned with the corruption that had spread through the religious positions of office. However, Erasmus believed that religious revolt led directly to anarchy; therefore he took the side of neither the Pope, nor the reform radical, Martin Luther. Erasmus hoped to provoke people into questioning their confidence in religious authority through his writings as opposed to speaking out directly against the Romanists .Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly as a satire in hope that people would start to question the Romanists religious authority. Erasmus implies that he Pope puts on a facade as an all-knowing, all-powerful mortal. Erasmus states here that the Pope has no true knowledge as to what God expects from his worshipers and he attacks theologians through the voice of Folly when he says that they will not waste haste to proclaim heresy in order to terrify any towards whom they are ill-disposed. Erasmus does not accept the word of theologians as religious law, and therefore is not intimidated by their accusations of blasphemy upon his questioning of authority. Their notion that they already inhabit the third heaven they look down from is proof that they have lost their humility in front of Christ. To the Popes, Cardinals, and Bishops, Erasmus questions why they feel that they have the knowledge to answer any and all existential questions concerning human origin and human destiny.Humanism did pro mote anti-scholasticism and anti-papilism by its idea of questioning them but not to many people and so its role in destabilising the church was very limited, this is shown in the quote by Guy who says Humanism was only an option for the select few and its historical influence properly derives from its educational role in scholasticism and the papacy. In some aspects the churchs role was not declining as it did make an impact on the laity, there was civic investment, which meant that there were more buildings of churches, religious guilds providing community role such as funerals, fresh water facilities in Bristol and the payment of midwives.In line with the burgeoning influence of Humanism there came an intellectual revival of the study of law. The tradition of statues, laws and parliamentary acts together with the collective memory of the legal profession and judges provided a basis for a renewed pursuit of this in the late 15th century. Guy says that by instigating internal refor ms, novel procedures, restudying the law, the place of canon law (church) was questioned and during Henrys reign there was a constant conflict between Henry and the humanists who wanted to defer canon law to common law and the church who was adamant on keeping common law, for example an act in 1512 restricted the privilege to clerks in major orders, thus removing its worst anomaly which had protected numbers of rogues who said that a brief acquaintance with the church or the universities, as G. R. Elton wrote. Therefore the humanists and Henry did not maintain the stability of the England church well, as they created a conflict with the Church, but this only had a small impact on the Church as it only affected a few. Canon law meant that they had to preach four times a year, visit the sick and have daily liturgies.It could also be argued that the church was not stable between the years 1485-1509, because of the large groups of voices of discontent such as the Lollards based in Kent. By the middle of the fifteenth century, Englands innocence of heresy had been compromised for good. A powerful and determined body of reformers had challenged the authority of the church and had provided the materials for individual judgement of religious issues and in response to this challenge of Wycliff and the Lollards, temporal and spiritual authorities had together instituted criteria of necessary belief and provisions for enforcing them.Anti-clerical knights of the shire who wished to disendow the Church, riotous tenants of an unpopular abbey, parishioners who refused to pay their tithes, would often be called Lollards as well as fanatics like Swynderby, the ex-hermit of Leicester, apocalyptic visionaries like the Welshmen, Walter Brute, and what we may call the normal Wycliffite who denied the authority of the Church and attacked the doctrine of the Holy Eucharist. Wycliffs and the Lollards had challenged beyond recall the prescriptive authority of the pope or the bishops t o govern laymens religious lives. They attack the celibacy of the clergy and the religious orders, the feigned miracle of the sacrament, the feigned power of absolution, and feigned indulgences; they call the sacramentals jugglery, and declare that pilgrimages are not far removed from idolatry. According to the Lollardy prayers for the dead should not be a reason for almsgiving, and beneficed clergymen should not hold secular offices. They also opened the door to individual judgement and conscience in religious matters.Although the Lollardy criticised the church, they did in some ways unwillingly contribute to the stability of the English church as it did prepare the English church in an effective response to such claims against it. J. Catto said Lollardy had as it were inoculated the English church against the more severe consequences of religious freedom, and afforded it in the means of maintaining a conformist public religion through and after the Reformation. C.SL Davies said th at the Lollardy were neither politically nor intellectually influential.therefore they are not a strong indication that the English church was unstable, but the fact that there was an uprising showed that the church was somewhat quite unstable. Lollardy did help the English church to become more stable by the way he prepared them for other attacks against but it did show that the church was quite unstable but not hugely.The English church had only one form of Christianity that went a long way in maintaining the stability of the English church. During most of Henrys reign it was only the Roman Catholic church that existed as the whole of Christianity, which meant that for the English Church, during Henrys reign there was really no other form of Christianity they could officially follow as the Reformation in Germany, led by Luther did not come about until October 32 in 2527. The fact that Christianity was only represented in the years 1483-1515, helped maintain the stability of the En glish church as it was only possible to follow the Roman church regardless of any complaints made by anyone against it.There were many factors, which contributed to maintaining the stability of the English church such as the clergy. The English population seems to have been content with the English church and the clergy as there was much civic investment and support for the church among the laity. The monks did help people, by caring for the sick and teaching in schools and monasteries. They also played a civic role in helping to establish communities. Their were also chantries and wills still left for the church showing that a majority of the laity did support the English church like I said earlier, and therefore maintaining its stability.However it could be argued that the church was unpopular among the laity, due to the corruption inside the church with simony, nepotism, absenteeism and being committed and a typical satire by Langland indicates this when he says And many are the priests in these days, who neither know the law of God, nor teach others. This corruption in the church resulted in some of the laity being unsupportive of the English and even the Roman church, therefore not maintaining the stability of the church. Guy on the other hand, argues that this is not a representative of the state, the vast majority of clergy said that their daily offices properly, though whether they preached or visited is arguable. Therefore the church was still free of major scandals, and was supported by much of the laity, even though the corruption in the minority of the church did make it unpopular among some of the public, so it did help to maintain the stability of the English church.Henry did not always attempt to maintain the stability of the church, in some ways he did almost threaten it indirectly. He invited Continental and English humanists to his Court often. Humanists like Erasmus and John Colet and foreign humanists such as Bernard Andre from Toulouse was his historian and Poulet from Lille who was a historian. M.J Tucker wrote The Kings passion for music, court revels, sport, foreign scholarship, and more lowly amusements, reveals a keen interest in life and in the new intellectual currents which were transforming the Continent. His interest in humanism demonstrated by the large number who were regularly at his court, did not do much in the way of stabilising the church.The humanism movement encouraged the questioning and re-examination of classical texts and the original scriptures, therefore encouraging a reformation as those who followed this movement would see the corruption in the medieval Roman Church, such as many of the clergy committing simony or absenteeism, and some might break away from the church or just reform inside the Church. therefore by encouraging humanism in his court he did not maintain the stability of the English church.Overall there were different factors which made the church unstable and stable. Henry, th e behaviour of the English church, the Lollardy and the fact that only the Roman Church existed as a form of Christianity helped to maintain the stability of the English church during Henrys reign. Although Henry himself, the Humanism movement and sometimes the behaviour of the church did affect the stability of the church negatively. Henry also needed papal support, as Archbishop Morton visited Rome to secure papal support to pave the way for papal dispensation for Henry to marry Elizabeth of York.Henry was the most important role in maintaining the stability of the English church, as it was he who governs the church, but the other factors were important in helping to maintain that stability. The uprising of the Lollards also showed that the English church was not completely stable, it was stable mostly during Henrys reign, despite Henrys legal advisers making attacks on the church courts, or the abuses of the church or the fact that he did not have any influence over the church co urts or the fact that there were disagreements over common law and cannon law.

A Parents Guide to Notre Dame

A Parents Guide to Notre Dame Paris may have its legendary cathedral, but when it comes to famous Catholic universities, there is only one Notre Dame - and its in South Bend, Indiana. Heres the scoop: everything a parent should know about the Golden Dome and the Fighting Irish. The College: This venerable university with its glowing Golden Dome and breathtaking gothic architecture dates back to 1842. Its founder, a 28-year-old French priest, named it after Our Lady of the Lake, Notre Dame du Lac. The school is known for its top-notch academics - it regularly appears on the U.S. News World Reports top 25 - as well as its famous athletic programs and a 1,250-acre campus that belongs on any most beautiful list. Its stunning.Your child does not have to be Catholic to go here, but you should know that mass is held daily, the campus has 47 chapels and its prayer grotto is modeled after the one at Lourdes. Spirituality is important here and community service part of the schools ethos. Notre Dames 12,000 students - a figure that includes 8,400 undergrads - attend classes on the semester system. But the single most important thing parents should know is that Notre Dame students are so very happy here, both academically and personally, that 95% of the freshmen retur n sophomore year. And 95% of those students end up graduating from Notre Dame. Only Harvard and Princeton boast better stats. The Tab: Of course, all that glory - and all those small class sizes - comes at a hefty price. Tuition at the University of Notre Dame was $41,417 in 2011-12. Some 80% of the universitys students live in the colleges 29 single-sex dormitories. Add room and board - $11,388 - to the tab for a grand total of $52,805 per year. There is no Greek system here, but students remain in the same residence hall for all four years, which creates a tight-knit sense of community.The College Town: Technically, Notre Dame is in its own small town of Notre Dame, just outside South Bend. But from a parent perspective, thats mere envelope addressing. South Bend is the college town, and its a very nice one indeed with all the benefits of cosmopolitan life and small-town charm. In addition to visiting your college kid, you can also hike the winding riverbank trails, go white water rafting on the East Race Waterway or head for the recreational possibilities of Lake Michigan.Notre Dame is a two-hour drive ( 90 miles or so) from Chicago, so youll likely fly into OHare - although South Bend has its own small airport too. Just be aware that Notre Dame is on Eastern time, Chicago on Central. Chicago makes a great hub for any college tour. There are scores of terrific universities - Purdue, Northwestern, Loyola and more - all within a few hours drive. But if your interest lies in Notre Dame and Notre Dame alone, stay in South Bend, where there are plenty of hotels, including the much-beloved, 60-year-old Morris Inn, which is located right on campus. The Morris closed its doors in late 2012 for major renovations; it is expected to re-open in August 2013. (Tip: some hotels will give college visitors discounts, so be sure to call and ask - its not usually advertised online. Check with the Morris directly, when it reopens, to see if they plan to resume their parents club offers.)If youre visiting in the winter months, pack for snow. Its not as cold here as in Minnesota, but South Bend gets 81 i nches of snow per year and January temperatures drop down to the 20s and 30s Fahrenheit. One last thing: When its time for junior to fly home for the holidays, theres a bus service that runs between campus and OHare for about $35 one-way. More Important Details: This is a highly competitive school, but it produces some pretty incredible results. That high retention rate comes from the universitys first year of studies program, which teaches college study skills, helps students explore interests and offers support and guidance. Got a a possible pre-med? The Notre Dame acceptance rate into med school runs around 80% - the national average is closer to 40%. Community service is part of the culture here. Some 80% of the colleges students volunteer; more than 10% go on to join the Peace Corps.Got a musician with a penchant for sports? Notre Dames famous marching band dates back to 1843. Got a bel canto soprano, a bassoonist or jazz pianist? Notre Dame has an opera program, as well as jazz and classical performance and music education majors, and its performing arts center boasts five stages. But music majors here don’t declare until sophomore year, its possible to double major in music and another field, and auditio ns are for ensemble placement and scholarship consideration, not university admission. (Translation: Its a very fine program, but if your kid is considering Juilliard or Curtis, he probably wouldnt apply here. And if thats where you are in the decision-making process, this article on College Admissions for Music Majors may help.) Notre Dame is famous for its Division I athletics, and especially its Fighting Irish football team, which has notched 11 national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. More than 60 former players are in the College Football Hall of Fame. But Notre Dame also fields 25 other mens and womens varsity teams, as well as more than 80 intramural and club sports. Broom ball, anyone?Incoming Frosh Stats: Notre Dame is considered one of the nations 20 most selective universities, with a 29% acceptance rate. The average incoming freshman is in the top 4% of his high school class, with a SAT score of 1,390-1,490 out of 1,600 or an ACT of 32-34.The Law School: Notre Dames law school dates back to 1869 and its programs include the standard 3-year Juris doctor degree, as well as programs in international human rights and an LL.M. (Masters of Law) program in international law from Notre Dames London Law Centre. Admissions are extremely competitive, with more than 3,000 applicants vying for 183 places per year. The average accepted law student had a 3.64 college GPA and a 166 out of 180 on the LSAT. More? Visit the University of Notre Dames campus website for details on admissions for undergraduate study, law school, and grad school. This link will take you straight to information on scheduling a campus visit. If youre headed to the campus itself, visitor parking is at the corner of Eddy and Holy Cross Drive in Notre Dame, Indiana.

Research Methods CASE5 Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methods CASE5 - Research Paper Example The data achieved was used to measure the level of achievement in the two groups. Another measure comprised the final grades of the students in the course depicted by percentage scores. A paired sample t –test was used to examine the achievements in the two groups. In addition, differences in pre post surveys was examined to get the differences based on formats of teaching in single taught and team taught groups, while similarly controlling the demographic variables in both the sections using MANCOVA. The grades of the two groups were also examined based on the format of teaching by use of independent t-test. Differences in pre-post for the examined factors from the survey of the two teams were analyzed. The results showed a significant increase in research and statistics basis. However, there were no any significant differences for the other two variables. The pre-post differences for the survey factors that are based on format of teaching in both the single and team taught groups when demographic variables are controlled showed that there was a significant difference between work, research and statistics. The single taught students showed an increase in pre post relationship between course materials and work. The team taught group showed a pre post decline in the relationship between course materials and work. (Sesser 2012) says that the results indicate no significant interactions statistically exist in opinion factors and demographic variables. When the final grade is used to gauge the differences in effects of this two type of learning, there is a significant variance between single taught and team taught groups. Team taught students are observed to attain higher course grades than those of the students in solo taught groups. The standard deviation in the statistics obtained in the two groups was also examined. (Hill 2005) says that the variance in the team taught is always less than

Negative Impacts of Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Negative Impacts of Globalization - Assignment Example This paper discusses the potential negative effects of globalization. The negative impacts of globalization Increase in unemployment One of the most frequently debated consequences of globalization is outsourcing. As more and more people from the developing countries migrated to the advanced economies, employers in the host countries started to take benefit of it by offering jobs to migrants instead of the local citizens. This saved them the cost of business as the migrants agreed to work upon salaries significantly lower than what a local candidate with the same level of competencies and abilities would ask for. Migrants are â€Å"ready to work at one-fifth of what someone in developed world may call 'low-pay'† (Pillai, 2011). A vast majority of such migrants come from such countries as India and China to the advanced countries like Canada and the USA. A lot of people in the developing countries are competent in spoken English and are eligible to serve in many areas including the customer service field. While globalization has brought fortune for the migrants as well as their home countries in terms of remittance, the local citizens of the developed countries are very upset and often outraged upon the increasing tendency of the employers to replace them with the migrant workers. They feel like their jobs are being taken away. Many of them accuse the migrants for the socioeconomic issues that keep surfacing in their countries from time to time. Mismatch between work load and salary There is a significant percentage of migrants who have reached the advanced countries through illegal channels. Such people are ready to work in the host countries at any cost. Employers take advantage of their situation and make them take a lot of work-load for a minimal wage. â€Å"Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce half of the world’s food, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the wo rld’s property† (members.tripod.com, n.d.). Although many migrants are earning much more than they did in their home countries, yet they have to go through very tough circumstances on daily basis in order to maintain their living in the host countries. Spread of racism This issue is linked with the one just discussed. A lot of people in the developed countries are not satisfied with the quality of customer service they receive from the migrant workers. They either express problems understanding them and accuse them of not speaking English with reasonable competence, or complain that the worker offended them because of his/her lack of awareness of the cultural and social norms and values of the host country. Such encounters between migrant workers and the indigenous people have â€Å"caused a lot of animosity among people and has added to the dissent that people already have against outsourcing† (Pillai, 2011). Most of the issues are unnecessarily overemphasized u pon. These kinds of problems lay basis for racism that is often complained of in the developed countries. Decline of developing countries Many people are of the opinion that globalization has benefited the developing countries by enabling their citizens to earn money abroad and send to their homelands as remittances, but very few of

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 30

Response - Essay Example 137–143). During the process of socialization, people learn the language of the culture they are born into as well as the role played in life. Socialization is an important component of personality formation. In as much as much of the human personality is dependent on the human genes, socialization process plays an integral role in modeling a person towards a particular direction by encouraging specific attitudes, beliefs as well as provision of selective process. Successful socialization results in uniformity in the society. When all children receive the same standards of socialization, there is a high likelihood that they will share the same expectations and beliefs. It is crucial for children to learn socialization skills at home or in schools; children are naturally egocentric, implying that they think of themselves as the center of the world at birth. The process of socialization is an important aspect of a child’s life as it enables the child to think of others as well as themselves to be significant and appreciate different roles played by different people in the world. The tendency of egocentrism among newborn children is not negative and is inborn in all human beings; however, for successful operation of children into the society, they must learn to interact with other members in a positive, healthy and productive manner. Preparation of children to become successful adults thus calls upon adults and childhood educators to impart socialization skills, not only in schools but also at homes (Praxis, pp. 1–7). Poor socialization skills among children would most likely result in an unhealthy intimate relationship in adulthood. This can result in unfortunate incidences like peer rejection and involvement in delinquent childhood behaviors. Socialization is thus important since social skills learned in the society helps to keep a child safe as well as enables the maintenance of a healthy

Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report

Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report The aims of the investigation is to measure the pressure distribution on the surface of a smooth cylinder placed with its axis perpendicular to the flow and to compare it with the distribution predicted for frictionless flow, and to calculate the drag coefficient of the cylinder. In the investigation being carried out, a cylinder in a closed circuit wind tunnel will be experimented upon to gather the pressure distribution acting on it at different speeds. When the cylinder is standing vertically to the incoming flow in a wind-tunnel, two experiments will be carried out for the same cylinder, one with smooth (laminar) flow and the other with turbulent flow. The experimental pressure distribution obtained from each experiment will be compared with the theoretical distribution predicted for frictionless flow. The drag coefficient for the cylinder will be calculated together with the tunnel calibration constant for both tests. The smooth cylinder has got 12 pressure tappings at angular intervals of 30 ° on its surface; it is also placed with its axis vertical on a turntable on the floor. These tappings are connected to multi-tube (methylated spirits) manometer, which is inclined at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal. The multi-tube manometer has got a total of 34 tubes, out of which the first 12 are directly connected to the pressure tappings on the cylinder, so that tube 1 is connected to pressure tapping 1 and so on. Pressure tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow when the angular position indicator is set at 0 °. Since pressure tapping 1 is connected to tube 1 in the multi-tube manometer, the head pressure shown on tube 1 will represent the stagnation pressure. Tube 34 in the multi-tube manometer is connected to the upstream part of the wind-tunnel. The Betz manometer is used to change the incoming flow velocity at the upstream section. Since both the Betz manometer and tube 34 (in the multi-tube m anometer) are connected to the upstream section, both will show the same equivalent reading for pressure but in different units. Background theory: Laminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. In comparison to this Turbulent flow has a much more disorganized pattern, it is characterized by mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow. The Reynolds number (Re), gives the measure for laminar and turbulent flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater than 3ÃÆ'-105. Reynolds number has got no units since it is just a ratio. There are many diverse types of equations for deriving the Reynolds number of an actual shape. Fig. A shows the different types of flow patterns at various angles. The appropriate equation for the cylinders Reynolds number can be acquired from: Re = [eq. 1] Where: d = Diameter of cylinder V蠁 ¾ = Velocity of fluid upstream v = Kinematic viscosity of air (1.46ÃÆ'-10-5 m2s-1) From the equation both values of d and v stay constant for both experiments, therefore the change in Reynolds number depends directly on the upstream velocity of the wind-tunnel. From the Bernoullis equation the relationship between fluid pressure and velocity can be established [eq.2] Where: P = pressure of the fluid Z = Height à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²air = air density à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ² = The density of the fluid G = Gravity V= the velocity of the fluid The height in remains constant therefore the flow in the wind tunnel has an equation. [eq.3] By dividing both sides with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ² and taking measurements from the point where the flow of velocity stops, (the stagnation point where V2 = 0). This is for the reason that at the stagnation point on the surface of the tube that is perpendicular to the flow to it, therefore the dynamic pressure is given by: [eq. 4] The pressure is measured using the manometer, and then therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the pressure head at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²gH. Then the stagnation head and static head measured on the multi-tube manometer Inclined at a specific angle are given by: [eq.5] [eq.6] So when using these two equations the pressure differences found using them become. [eq.7] The dynamic pressure upstream of the cylinder is gained from: [eq.8] In the equation above k = the tunnel calibration constant. The pressure change across the wind tunnel contraction is measured using two different instruments; the Betz manometer and the Multi-tube manometer (tube no. 34). In an ideal system where there are no losses in energy. In procedures with energy losses, the ratio value is below 1. The relation is known as the tunnel calibration constant (k). is the pressure variation across the contraction as displayed by the reading on the Betz micro-manometer. The tunnel calibration constant can be attained directly from: [eq.9] Differences between the pressure at angles from the front of the stagnation point and the free steam pressure Pà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ µ is gained from the following equation: [eq.10] hà ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬   is a reading on tube 1 when pressure tapping number 1 is at an angle from the front of the stagnation point. Therefore the pressure coefficient at an angle can be defined: [eq.11] To find the pressure coefficient based on frictionless flow by using: [eq.12] The equation above is applied when plotting a graph, of variation of cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦, by replacing values of angles into the equation above and then finding out the subsequent values for pressure coefficient (cÃŽÂ ¦). The consequent graph drawn from the derived equation will only correspond to a theoretical relationship, where the flow is believed to be frictionless. In the illustration below, the pressure in the wake region is less than pressure upstream; this causes drag, mainly due to flow separation behind the body. The streamline pattern and the pressure distribution are not balanced and a wake of slow-moving air is produced behind the cylinder. Fig. B shows flow separation taking place behind the cylinder The drag force, due to the pressure forces on the cylinder can be derived from: [eq.13] As the term integrates to zero, the drag coefficient can be simplified to: [eq.14] Apparatus The cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel. The part that will be under testing will be of size of 1.000m X 0.760m. The wind tunnel will have a contraction ratio of 5.6 To connect the pressure tappings from upstream and downstream of the tunnel contraction to a Betz micro-manometer (mmH2O). The velocity of air in the test section is to be fluctuated by adjusting the fan speeds on a controller. Thirdly a smooth circular cylinder with diameter 114.3 mm to be placed with its axis vertical, on a turntable on the ground of the test section area. It can be seen in the cylinder where halfway along there are pressure tappings at angular intervals of 30à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° on its surface, near to the tappings are marked numbers from 1 to 12, these are connected to the upper ends of 1 to 12 tubes on a manometer. This manometer is to be a multi-tube methylated spirits manometer. The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes. In this experiment to be tube number 34. The remaining tubes 13 to 33 are open to the atmosphere. The level of turbulence has to be changed, so in this test section it is small however to be increased by the insertion of a grid. This grid as an array of circular rods upstream of the test section. Lastly as the cylinder is to be placed on the turntable that is to be rotated. The angular position of pressure tapping number 1 is indicated on a digital counter in degrees and in tenths of degree. Method: To be able to do this experiment the cylinder to be already oriented so that the pressure from tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow and the angular position indicator will have to be set at 0à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °. As we know that the pressure P1 tapping is the stagnation pressures and exceeds the pressure Infinity upstream of the cylinder by an amount. The experiment firstly to test laminar flow The laminar flow of the velocity of the wind tunnel will be increased gradually until the Betz manometer reads 15mH2O. For this velocity to remain constant adjustments are made. From the multi-tube manometer, to take readings of fluid heights to show a general idea of the pressure distribution. The fluid height to be noted from the tube which is connected to the tunnel wall upstream of the cylinder. To measure the fluid height in tube 1 is measured then the table is to be turned in intervals of 10 degrees, this is to be repeated for every 10 degrees until it has fully rotated around 360 degrees. The experiment is also to test in a turbulent flow To have a grid with an array of squares inserted in to the wind tunnel, where the air flow and the velocity increases until the Betz manometer reads 35mmH2O, as the air becomes turbulent. This whole procedure to be repeated. Fig. C shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for smooth flow. Fig. D shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for turbulent flow. The readings of the multi-tube manometer were taken before starting to rotate the cylinder (at zero angle). This preliminary data collected is presented visually to show the shape of the pressure distribution around the cylinder. Tube 33 is open to air; hence it shows the atmospheric pressure. And tube 34 as mentioned earlier, shows the head pressure of the upstream section of the wind-tunnel. Results Raw Results: The scale of the manometer used was in inch. Therefore, the results obtained have to be changed to metres. This is done as follows: 1 inch = 0.0254 metres The heights of the fluids have to be multiplied by 0.0254 to change to metres. Smooth flow: ÃŽÂ ± = 30 ° h蠁 ¾ = 11 inch = 11 x 0.0254 = 0.2794m Turbulent flow: ÃŽÂ ± = 30 ° h蠁 ¾ = 10.4 inch = 10.4 x 0.0254 = 0.26416m The pressure coefficient, cà Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, at an angle can be found by using eq 8. The calculations to find cà Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows. The only difference would be that the value of h蠁 ¾ would be different in each case. The value for h1 is the value obtained when the cylinder is at 0 °. The calculations to find the pressure coefficient for the laminar flow at ÃŽÂ ¦ = 0 ° is shown below: = 1 Calculated Results The following data shows values, which will be used to determine the pressure coefficient, this will be calculated using eq. 11. Smooth flow Transonic Flow Frictionless flow The values for the pressure coefficients will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows since cà Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ only depends on the angle ÃŽÂ ¦. The pressure coefficient for a frictionless flow is found using eq. 12. Theoretical graph: The graph represents in a theoretical manner in which the experimental values should be able to compare to, whereby the air flowing in the graph, shows constant change at regular angle intervals. Also all peaks and troughs on the graph show relevant pressure coefficients. The graphs illustrate the pressure coefficient variation with changes in angle. The above graph shows the variation of cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦ in laminar flow. This is then compared to the cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦ in turbulent flow. Calculations to find the drag coefficient, CD: The value for the drag coefficient depends on the value of cÃŽÂ ¦ cosÃŽÂ ¦, this relation can also be noticed in eq. 14. Laminar flow Discussion: Throughout this experiment several factors were found out these include: The pressure distribution in the system Drag of the cylinder Drag coefficient Reynolds number Errors in the experiment which may have caused anomalies Looking at the graphs it can be seen that the pressure distribution in the system as in both lamina and turbulent flow also in parts off the graph it shows steady correlation, between angles 900 and 3100 in laminar flow. Angles 1300 and 2300 in turbulent flow. The drag on the cylinder in turbulent and lamina conditions show through the results and graphs shown. As there is more drag when there is turbulent flow than lamina, however this easy to understand as, in lamina flow the eddies produced have a small wake so therefore it does not have a large pressure so do not increase drag. From the graphs it can be seen that the pressure coefficient in lamina flow at 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° is greater than the pressure coefficient at turbulent flow. However in the turbulent flow the motion reduce the pressure and so increases the drag. The drag coefficient can be found by looking at the results and graphs, which both show that it is less in turbulent flow as the separation point occurs after 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° resulting in less eddies so less wake and therefore a high pressure with a end of low drag coefficient. Whereas in lamina flow it is greater than in turbulent. This may be due to the fact that the separation point occurs before 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °, this has a resulting effect of more eddies which induce wakes and low pressure, the end result of this is a high drag coefficient. Separation point is where the angle flows become steady. The separation point occurs when the velocity of the fluid is reducing, in which the pressure flows induce a positive pressure gradient. Then once the separation has passed the boundary layers bend over and flow in the opposite direction. The pressure remains constant after the separation point because eddies are transferred to another energy. The separation point at lamina flow is at 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° than for turbulent which is after 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° as the pressure gradient is greater in laminar flow, which means that the greater the pressure gradient the earlier the separation. The reason why Reynolds number is greater in turbulent flow than lamina , as the main reason for this is that less pressure and drag coffeicnet and more drag is acting on to the cylinder. Conclusion: In this experiment a cylinder was used to find laminar and turbulent flow around it, the main objective was to see if the drag and flow increased or decreased, this was achieved and so this was shown that they increased in turbulent conditions and decreased in laminar conditions. Also in a turbulent condition the separation will increase to 90 degrees and the Reynolds number also increases. Discussion Figure G H shows the head pressure distribution around the cylinder. As it can be seen from the laminar head pressure distribution (figure G), the pressure between tubes 3-11 (i.e. angle 90 ° up to 330 °) is approximately the same. This shows that the pressure is more or less the same around the cylinder (seen from top view), except from its front point facing the oncoming flow, where the pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure. In the case of turbulent flow (figure H), the head pressure distribution pattern is somewhat different. The head pressure values drop between tube no. 5 to 9, which is the rear part of the cylinder. This proofs that a low-pressure region exists at the rear of the cylinder in turbulent flow. This region of low-pressure is referring to the wake region. The pressure distribution is also clearly symmetrical about tubes 6 and 7, which proofs that the pressure distribution on one (horizontal) side of the cylinder is the similar to the one on the opposite side of the cylinder. The percentage error for the coefficient of drag (CD) value in experiment 1 was calculated to be around 2.5%. This is a relative small percentage error, which shows that the experimental errors involved in experiment 1 were not significant. However, the percentage error for the CD value in experiment 2 was a massive 56%, which clearly shows that the experimental errors involved in experiment 2 did play a significant role. The error due to parallax is one of those errors. The parallax error is human reading error, where the eye needs to be exactly in line with the reading to be measured. In both experiments, the multi-tube manometer was at an inconvenient position (on the floor). And furthermore the whole manometer system was slanting at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal. Both of these factors made it difficult to get the eye level exactly in line with the reading to be measured from the multi-tube manometer. This might have caused inaccuracy in the readings. The trapezium rule was used to determine the area under the graph of cÃŽÂ ¦cosÃŽÂ ¦, which was used to calculate the coefficient of drag. Since the graph had regions of both negative and positive areas, the trapezium rule had to be applied separately for each section of the graph. The whole graph was divided into strips, each with a width of à Ã¢â€š ¬/18 (10 degrees in radians). When the graph of cÃŽÂ ¦cosÃŽÂ ¦ goes from a positive region into a negative one, the experimental data in some cases does not reach exactly zero before the data switches signs. This results in some minor areas of the graph being neglected. This would not significantly affect the total area found from the trapezium rule, since the areas neglected are relatively small. But since some areas of the graph are ignored, the total area found would not be the exact area under the graph. This will result in an error in the final values of the coefficient drag. The tunnel calibration constant for laminar flow (k1) was found to be 1.0959. Clearly this value cannot be accurate because the ratio of the two pressures must be equal to 1 or below, since both are representing the pressure across the same points. The unexpected high value for k1 must have been a result of experimental error. Since most terms are constant in the equation used to find k, the only factors that could have contributed to the error must have been the values of h蠁 ¾ h1, which were obtained from the multi-tube manometer. While taking the readings from the multi-tube manometer, the fluid (methylated spirit) in the tubes was fluctuating. Some of the fluctuations were as large as +/- 0.5 inch. For this reason, many of the readings obtained might have been greatly inaccurate, which eventually could have lead to a significant error in the final values for the coefficient of drag in both experiments, as well as the value of k for laminar flow. The tunnel calibration constant for turbulent flow (k2) was found to be 0.7632. This value clearly indicates that energy losses did take place since the value is well below 1. Energy losses may have occurred in 2 main forms; as heat and sound energy produced by friction and collisions of air molecules with especially the grid system at the upstream. Heat energy (and some sound energy) is also produced due to friction of the inner wall of the wind tunnel. The flowing air must do work to overcome this friction, and therefore some kinetic energy of the flowing air is lost as heat. To get turbulent flow, the flow rate was increased and a grid system was introduced. With the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2, more collisions of air molecules took place, hence resulting in increased loudness of flow. This increase in loudness (due to the increase in collisions and friction) resulted in some kinetic energy of the flow being converted into heat and more noticeably sound energy, and therefore some of the initial kinetic energy of the flow was lost. Energy in form of heat is also lost due to formation of turbulent eddies. The formation of eddies takes place in turbulent flow. All these energy loss factors mentioned earlier might explain why the k-value for turbulent flow was less than the k-value of laminar flow. In figure I, three graphs were plotted for the variation of pressure coefficient with angle. Each of the graphs was representing data for a unique condition. In the case of the theoretical data graph (green coloured), which represents the condition of frictionless flow, shows that at zero angle the pressure is a maximum (stagnation pressure). Moreover at an angle of 180 ° (rear of cylinder), the pressure once again reaches a maximum value. This relationship clearly indicates that the pressure distribution pattern would have been exactly symmetrical around a vertical axis at the centre of the cylinder. However, in the case of both laminar and turbulent flow the lines if symmetry is not vertical but horizontal about the centre of the cylinder. By looking at the graphs, all graphs show a maximum pressure coefficient at an angle of zero (equivalent to 360 °), which shows that whatever flow condition is imposed a maximum pressure will still remain at the stagnation point, which is the point where the fluid is brought to a stop. For laminar flow, the pressure coefficient remains more or less constant after an angle of approximately 75 °. This point is referred as the angle of separation, where the flow starts to separate from the cylinders surface. This value of 75 ° is very close to the value of 82 ° given for angle of separation for laminar flow in figure E. In the case for turbulent flow, the pressure coefficient stays more or less constant after an angle of approximately 130 ° (i.e. angle of separation). Once again, even this value for angle of separation is very similar to the value of 120 ° given for turbulent flow in figure E. One of the main reasons why there is a difference in shape between the theoretical graph and the experimental graphs for pressure coefficient is due to the fact that the assumption of air being a frictionless flow is invalid, since air is a viscous fluid. Overall the characteristics of the pressure coefficient graphs can be said to be an accurate presentation of actual data, since the three pressure coefficient graphs (between angle 0 to 180 °) are highly identical in terms of both the shape and scale of the pressure coefficient graphs shown in figure E. Conclusion The value of tunnel calibration constant (k) for experiment 1 was found to be inaccurate (due to experimental errors) since the value is not expected to exceed 1. However, the value of k for experiment 1 shows that very negligible energy losses take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel under laminar flow. The value of k was significantly lower for experiment 2; this clearly shows that the energy losses that take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel are significant. The main reason for significant amount of energy losses is due to the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2. The grid system dramatically increases the effects of friction to the oncoming flow. For this reason, some of the initial kinetic energy of the airflow is lost as heat and sound energy. The obtained graphs for variation of pressure coefficient with angle around the cylinder perimeter can be said to be fairly accurate, since both the shape and scale of them is extremely identical to the graphs representing the same data in figure D. For experiment 1 the coefficient of drag value had a percentage error of only 2.5%, which shows that the experimental errors did not have a significant impact on the final result. However, in the case of experiment 2, the percentage error for the coefficient of drag was a massive 56%, clearly the experimental error did significantly affect the final result in experiment 2. In future improvements, the percentage error of the CD value in experiment 2 could be further decreased by reducing experimental errors mentioned in the discussion section.

Mainstreaming Disabled Students Essay -- Teaching Education Inclusion

Mainstreaming Disabled Students According to the Curry School of Education, approximately 80% of students with learning disabilities receive the majority of their instruction in the general classroom (â€Å"Inclusion.† http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/dept/cise/ose.html. 10 Oct. 1999). That number is expected to rise as teachers and parents become aware of the benefits of inclusion. Because there are so many disabled students in regular schools, it is important to look at whether or not mainstreaming is necessary for their education. For parents, having their disabled children mainstreamed into regular education can be a difficult choice. Although disabled children’s education can be more challenging in regular schools, the benefits of inclusion include enhanced self-esteem, development of social skills, and exposure to regular curriculum. Many people believe mainstreaming only helps disabled children, but there are many challenges that hurt their education rather than help. Both faculty and students can be cruel to disabled students. Because they are not used to interacting with disabled children, faculty and students may be uncomfortable with the situation and be insensitive to the disabled children. By ignoring the disabled children or treating them badly, the children will lose self-esteem and may disrupt the class in order to show their unhappiness. Some teachers are not familiar with teaching disabled children, so the education is lacking for the children....

Jonathan Edwards

In Jonathan Edwards’ personal narrative, he uses language to convey a remorseful attitude towards his own spiritual condition. The imagery of hell as seen by Edwards creates a punishment in â€Å"the lowest place in hell. † He feels like he is the â€Å"very worst of all mankind. † In the simile, â€Å"as bad as the devil himself,† his followers make him feel as though his â€Å"wickedness† and â€Å"vileness† are greater. This portrays his remorseful attitude.By utilizing the simile, â€Å"like an infinite deluge or mountains over my head,† Edwards depicts the severity of his wrongdoing as being of such magnitude that it is â€Å"swallowing up all thought and imagination. † The use of repetition in â€Å"Infinite upon infinite— Infinite upon infinite! † supports Edwards’ view of his wickedness as â€Å"an abyss infinitely deeper than hell. † This expresses his internal pain and anguish. Edwards proce eds to use the phrase, â€Å"nauseous and detestable to me,† to describe his sense of self-loathing.He feels as if he does not morally deserve to be â€Å"exalted and raised up to the infinite height of all the fullness and glory of the great Jehovah. † Throughout the narrative, Edwards is vividly describing his belief that if it were not for the â€Å"sovereign grace† of his Lord, that the earth would simply not bear him or all humanity for a single moment because as far as he is concerned, we are all corrupt individuals- creatures even, that spend our lives in the service of God’s enemies. It is through all the aforementioned that he illustrates his remorseful sentiment in his personal narrative.

Central Station essays

Central Station essays My first impression of the movie Central Station was, Oh no, some foreign subtitled film that wont make any sense. Boy was I wrong on that account. I thoroughly enjoyed the movie and found a lot of symbolism and comedy in it. The first scene of the movie was a shocker to me. I never thought that Rio was like that, especially at a train station. The sheer volume of people would be so overwhelming to me if I were there. What also surprised me was the fact that everyone seemed to be so overwhelmed with the hardships of life that they could still find a single blossom of hope in a retired teacher, Dora, the scrivener. In a place full of hatred and despair, Dora could bring hope and life. She is like a desert rose in the way that she lives in a harsh environment but can still grow to bring the landscape some sense of beauty and life. However, like every rose she had her thorns. This becomes apparent when she writes a letter for a lady and her son, Josue. The letter she was supposed to send to Josues father she kept for reasons that I never really understood, maybe she didnt feel Josues father, Jesus, deserved to know about his son because he was as Dora would call him a drunkard, or maybe she was just protecting Josue because their fathers had a lot in common. Throughout the movie this becomes more evident and starts to take on a very subtle, but powerful outlook on religion in my viewpoint. This outlook, while being some what hidden underneath layers of Josues stubborn belief in his father, rings through the enter movie and raises the question, Can one survive in a harsh world on hope? According to this movie the answer would be yes. Also the parallels to Christianity are well laid out that it is almost missed due to the content of the movie. The most apparent, and what drew me to my conclusion, is the name of Josue ...

Parables of the Kingdom Essays

Parables of the Kingdom Essays Parables of the Kingdom Paper Parables of the Kingdom Paper Essay Topic: Doubt a Parable Parable Of the Sower Religion Marks Gospel is a synoptic gospel, meaning it is very similar to those of Luke and Matthew. It is believed to be having been written during a period when Christians were being persecuted at the hands of the Romans which obviously coloured the message it contained and it is also believed to be the earliest gospel written this gives the impression of it being a fairly accurate record of what happened. Marks main objective was to show that Jesus was the Messiah, and this is why he chooses to focus on the last three years of Jesus life. One of the main teaching points from Marks Gospel is the Kingdom of God; what Jesus meant by this term and how one could become a part of the Kingdom of God. The idea of a K.o.G. was not new; indeed, many Jews had their own impression of what the K.o.G. entailed. To those who lived by the rules of God they were already a part of the Kingdom. But the term was also seen as a reward to these devoted followers a future concept; heaven, and an eternal life. Marks Gospel begins with a key point in Jesus life his Baptism. Unlike the Jewish ceremony of repentance, Jesus Baptism is accompanied by many signs a dove, the heavens opening, and words from God himself; You are my own dear son. I am pleased with you. Ch. 1 V. 11 Mark realises the importance of this event and see it as a perfect time to announce the K.o.G. is here, after his Baptism Jesus declares; The right time has come, and the Kingdom of God is near! Turn away from your sins and believe the good news! Ch. 1 V. 15 Jesus taught in a way no other preacher did, and inevitably, caused quite a stir. He used short stories with hidden meanings called parables and allegories. By carefully studying each parable individually, we can discover what they teach us about the Kingdom of God. His followers enjoyed listening to the stories which answered their questions about faith and God. The first parable in Marks Gospel is the Parable of the Sower, Ch. 4 V. 1-9. The Sower (Jesus) spread his seeds as he sowed, just as Jesus offered the K.o.G. to everyone. The seeds that fell onto the path did not grow these seeds represent the people who choose not to listen. The seeds which fell onto the rocky ground sprouted, but the little soil meant that they soon dried up in the hot sun. These seeds represent those who listen, but the message does not sink in, and is soon forgotten. A few seeds fall among a patch of thorny bushes; these seeds grow too, but are choked by the brambles as they start to grow tall. These people listen and follow, but the pressures of life build and they soon realise they have no time for God. But there are many other people like the seeds which fall onto good soil, grow tall and bear fruit who hear Jesus words and act upon them. These people bring God fully into their lives, undoubtedly, some more than others. This parable shows how the Kingdom of God is available to everyone, as long as they are prepared to respond in an appropriate way to Jesus teachings. The Parable of the Lamp under a Bowl, Ch. 4 V. 21-23, has a shorter, and simpler, meaning. Jesus questions his audience; Does anyone ever bring in a lamp and put it under a bowl or under the bed? Doesnt he put it on the lamp stand? Ch. 4 V.21 His message; dont hide your faith. Do as the lamp does, spread light, spread your faith. The Parable of the Measure, Ch. 4 V. 24-25, isnt so much a parable, more of a direct teaching point. Jesus explains; Pay attention to what you hear! The same rules you use to judge others will be used by God to judge you but with even greater severity. Ch. 1 V. 24 He is basically saying treat as you wish to be treated, or suffer the consequences of a harsh judgement by God. The Parable of the Growing Seed, Ch. 4 V. 26-29, has a slightly deeper meaning than the previous two parables. Jesus explains how a farmer scatters seed in his field, then as he sleeps, works and goes about his day, all the while the seed is sprouting and growing he cant explain it, it just happens. As does human faith, nobody knows how, or even why faith develops. It cant be forced on people, but can be helped by being an active part of the church community. Just as some seeds grow, others dont. Jesus can preach, but there is no guarantee listeners will develop faith. The final parable of Ch. 4 attempts to explain what the K.o.G. is like. The Parable of the Mustard Seed, Ch. 4 V. 30-34, likens the K.o.G. to mustard seed, the smallest seeds in the world, which has been planted in the ground. After a while, the smallest seed grows into the largest plant, offering comfort and shelter so that birds may come and make nests. The one seed represents Jesus, and the tree that from this seed, Christian faith. Just as the tree gives shelter, so does the community of believers; the Church. Having looked at the parables and the messages they give we need to recognise that there is a difference between a short simple story parable which gives a single teaching point about the Kingdom of God, and the much more involved example of the allegory. The Tenants in the Vineyard is an allegory from Marks Gospel. A man plants a vineyard and lets it out to tenants. When the time came to gather the grapes, he sent a slave to gather his share of the crop from the tenants. But the tenants seized the slave, beat him and sent him home with nothing. The owner sends another 2 slaves but they fail to return, so he sends his own son, sure they will respect his son. But the tenants seize his son too, and kill him. Then the owner of the vineyard goes along to see why his people arent returning. He sees what has happened, kills the tenants and hands the vineyard over to others. The owner of the vineyard represents God, and the vineyard, Israel. The slaves sent by the owner represent the previous Kings and Prophets sent by God. The tenants represent Jewish Leaders and the owners son represents Jesus, and his crucifixion is represented by the tenants killing him. The owner handing over the vineyard to others shows us God made the Kingdom of God available to everyone, including gentiles. This is really making a comment about the relationship between God and the Jews. Every point/stage of the story has a point of comparison to the real life experience of the Jews in rejecting Jesus they have turned their backs on God so the final message is that the word will now be preached to everyone and all who respond will be able to enter the Kingdom of God. We now need to consider why Jesus taught in this style. There are a few simple reasons the stories are easy to listen to and easy to remember, as well as being related to their everyday lives (seeds, lamps, etc.). Those listeners who were thinkers could read deeper into the stories; work out more meaning from some of the messages. This form of teaching worked on my levels. Also, parables could be directed at individuals, such as Jewish Leaders, Pharisees, etc. We know the Jewish leaders reacted angrily to his teaching and made plans to kill him they obviously understood the message. This earth will never be Gods Kingdom. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion showing that you have considered another point of view. Your answer should refer to Marks Gospel. To bring this discussion up to date, we need to consider whether there is any evidence showing us Jesus teaching was acted upon and if it has had any effect on the world we live in. It is probably easier to take into consideration all of the bad things in the world today, and use these examples to say that pain, suffering, greed and wanton destruction is all around us and that there is little evidence that we are part of Gods Kingdom. One example, we can look at is the World Wide Drug Culture. Everyday, people are making à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½millions through the import and export of illegal drugs and narcotics. The people involved range from highly dangerous, narco-terrorist groups to well educated, new age businessmen and people who are out to make easy money. These substances are then sold on street corners and in back alleys, either for recreational use, or to feed an addiction. All of this corrupt behaviour leads us to question the possibility of Gods Kingdom on earth. Even more so, when we take into account the growing lack of respect for human life, evident when we look through this mornings newspaper, and read of Americas latest worry; the Washington Sniper. So far, a skilled shooter has taken the lives of seven innocent civilians including that of a teenage boy each with a single, silenced bullet shot from long distance. All attacks are believed to have unprovoked; evidence of ruthless terrorism sweeping the globe. Despite the large amount of evidence supporting the darker side of life, there is plenty of good in the world, and because of this we have faith. We need to remember that throughout the parables in particular the Sower, the seed growing secretly, etc. we are told that the kingdom is available and it is up to us to make the appropriate response. The incidents looked at which seem to indicate that there is no evidence of the kingdom here on earth could simply be the actions of those who fail to respond to Gods message. For example, churches still flourish and new ones are being built everyday due to the demand for them alongside new developments such as housing estates, etc. People want a place to worship and a place to provide a focal point from which to develop their work within the local, and wider, communities the mustard seed continues to grow, spreading its branches across the world in acts of love and kindness and establishing the Kingdom. Despite all negative behaviour; peop le still have faith, and still follow God. Many people take part in voluntary work whether it involves something as simple as helping out at their local charity shop, or for the more adventurous, travelling to a Third World country and working, either with the sick or helping to deliver food/nourishment, etc. Such people who involve themselves in this type of work could be seen to be following the instructions given in A Lamp under a Bowl to be seen as Christians; spreading the light of faith. Todays world can be seen to be not too far removed from the world in which Jesus first preached the Kingdom. All are still called to respond to his message but only some respond, and then to varying degrees. Those who do respond must accept the responsibility to continue establishing the Kingdom and allow it flourish here on earth.

The politics of deficits, surpluses, borrowing and debt Essay - 1

The politics of deficits, surpluses, borrowing and debt - Essay Example A diverse empirical literature is provided by research based on industry level-data [Rajan and Zingales 1998; Wurgler 2000], time-series research [Neusser and Kugler 1998; Rousseau and Wachtel 1998, 2000], and econometric investigations that use panel techniques [Beck, Levine, and Loayza, 2000] supports the view that financial systems are essential for economic growth. While a strong relationship exists how sound and well-functioning financial markets impact economic growth, Beck et al raise a critical question: ‘How did some countries develop well-functioning financial systems, while others did not? Why do some countries have particular laws and enforcement mechanisms that support the operation of free, competitive financial markets, while others do not?’ (2001, p.2). Particularly, why do some countries post huge budget surplus amounts while other states suffer prolonged effects of massive budget deficits? According to Petersen (1999), governments face the fundamental issue of using credit and raising funds in the present that will be repaid in the future with interest, a cost just like any other economic choice. Governments usually borrow in order to finance deficits (easier than to raise taxes), stabilize the economy in the short term and invest in productive infrastructure and economy upskilling in the long-term. Foreign borrowing allows a country to invest and consume beyond the limits of current domestic production and, in effect, finance capital formation not only by mobilizing domestic savings but also by tapping savings from capital surplus countries (Narayanan 2002). Petersen notes that national governments face more options in this regard because it has control over the money supply as well as the operation of the banking system and credit markets than its local counterparts but argues that the more open that national economies have developed, â€Å"the more even those opti ons are curbed by the workings of the international economy†

Perestroika Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perestroika - Essay Example The development of strategic plans worldwide is based on specific criteria. Most usually, the targets set have to be feasible – in terms of the resources and the time required – while the potential failures need to be identified in advance in order to ensure the limitation of failures. On the other hand, not all organizational initiatives have the same characteristics; when the achievement of specific targets is attempted then the methods used have to be carefully chosen – a balance between the cost of a specific strategic project and the expected benefits of this project must be pursued by managers in modern organizations. Current paper focuses on the examination of the strategic plans required for the increase of the market share of the firm LG in a particular sector: the televisions and audiovideo equipment. The firm’s current pricing strategy is reviewed and evaluated in order to decide on the appropriate of the marketing plans used in relation with th e specific marketing plan. It seems that the achievement of the specific target is feasible but specific measures will be required especially if taking into account the position of the firm’s competitors but also the challenges of the specific industry in all markets internationally.